Frieda and Claudia decide to ask Pecola to get whisky from her father in order to keep Frieda from getting fat. The defences were first proposed by Marshal Joseph Joffre. $18.74/subscription + tax, Save 25% Mrs. Breedlove sticks her head out the door, is introduced to the girls, and tells them they can wait with Pecola for the laundry and then walk back to town with her. Two telephone wires were placed parallel to the line of fortifications, providing redundancy in case a wire gets cut. Infantry Reserve Shelters: These were found from 5001,000m (1,6003,300ft) behind the principal line of resistance. [33] A number of old fortifications have now been turned into wine cellars, a mushroom farm, and even a disco. on 2-49 accounts, Save 30% Middle-aged, he has never married and has a lecherous side. An advancing German army would first be spotted by camouflaged observation points hugging the German border. The thick-walled forts and casemates of the Maginot Line withstood direct hits from German bombers as they were designed to do, but the real action happened far away from that solid line of defense. The hot pie filling burns Pecola's legs painfully, but when Mrs. Breedlove returns and sees the mess she runs to Pecola and backhands her, knocking the girl down. [20] Faced with a manpower shortage, French planners had to rely more on older and less fit reservists, who would take longer to mobilise and would diminish the French industry because they would leave their jobs. Built between 1930 and 1940, it was one of the world's most impressive forts, yet it proved to be almost . They say they aren't allowed to be around her. Purchasing The original construction did not cover the area ultimately chosen by the Germans for their first challenge, which was through the Ardennes in 1940, a plan known as Fall Gelb (Case Yellow), due to the neutrality of Belgium. On the balcony above the door, Marie (the Maginot Line) is having a drink of root-beer. Thus the Germans were able to avoid a direct assault on the Maginot Line by violating the neutrality of Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. The location of this attack, chosen because of the location of the Maginot Line, was through the Belgian Ardennes Forest (sector 4), which is off the map to the left of Maginot Line sector 6 (as marked). Get Annual Plans at a discount when you buy 2 or more! They nerfed breaking through the line to the nth degree honestly. He was opposed by modernists such as Paul Reynaud and Charles de Gaulle, who favoured investment in armour and aircraft. Subscribe now. Soaphead Church proceeds to write a letter to God, in which he blames God for making the world badly. On a Saturday in spring, Claudia goes inside and finds Frieda crying. "My students can't get enough of your charts and their results have gone through the roof." [17] With the United States isolationist and Britain stoutly refusing to make the "continental commitment" to defend France on the same scale as in World War I, the prospects of Anglo-American assistance in another war with Germany appeared to be doubtful at best. Sometimes it can end up there. These women are prostitutes. He has a gruff manner toward little Blackgirls. It turns out that Henry touched Friedas breasts. The local prostitues, Miss Marie (also known as the Maginot Line) is fat and affectionate, China is skinny and sarcastic, and Poland is quiet. [41] Donnell argued that the primary purpose of "prevent[ing] a concerted attack on France through the traditional invasion routes and to permit time for the mobilisation of troops was fulfiled", as was the French strategy of forcing the Germans to enter Belgium, which ideally would have allowed "the French to fight on favourable terrain". Heavy rail artillery was hauled by locomotives to planned locations to support the emplaced artillery in the fortresses, which was intentionally limited in range to 1012km (67mi). The moment where she loses her tooth in the movie theatre is painful: juxtaposing Pauline as an awkward, gap-toothed, pregnant black woman to the idealized (and illusory) image of Jean Harlow on the screen shows the power of these images to destroy a black woman's belief in her own beauty. Ouvrage Hochwald is the only facility in the main line that remains in active service as a hardened command facility for the French Air Force known as Drachenbronn Airbase. As with his son Sammy, who is always running away from home, Cholly's gender gives him a degree of agency that Pecola and Pauline simply do not have. Detailed quotes explanations with page numbers for every important quote on the site. The elderly woman who raises Cholly. When Joffre, Maginot and others conceived of the Maginot Line, Germany was under tight military restrictions imposed by the Treaty of Versailles. The specification of the defences was very high, with extensive and interconnected bunker complexes for thousands of men; there were 45 main forts (grands ouvrages) at intervals of 15km (9.3mi), 97 smaller forts (petits ouvrages) and 352 casemates between, with over 100km (62mi) of tunnels. Complete your free account to request a guide. Artillery was coordinated with protective measures to ensure that one fort could support the next in line by bombarding it directly without harm. You may cancel your subscription on your Subscription and Billing page or contact Customer Support at custserv@bn.com. Pauline describes the first steady job she landed, working as a housekeeper for an ungenerous and pretentious white family. Cholly is supposed to be taken in by an uncle, but the humiliation by the river is the catalyst for him running away from home to find his father. The Britishwho openly championed the German position on reparationsapplied intense economic pressure on France to change its policies towards Germany. Subsequently the Line was of minimal military importance, and many of the fortress divisions surrendered without even fighting. She loses her tooth, Pauline tells us, while biting into a piece of candy at the movies. They fought for four years in WWI, but were done in a week in WWII." He is a pedophile who loves to touch little girls. -Graham S. The girls misunderstanding of what their parents mean by the word "ruined" speaks to their naivet with regard to sexual matters. Pecola faints from the pain, and when she wakes she can't remember what happened. By entering your email address you agree to receive emails from SparkNotes and verify that you are over the age of 13. The British diplomat Sir Eric Phipps, who attended the conference, commented afterwards that: The London Conference was for the French 'man in the street' one long Calvary as he saw M. Herriot abandoning one by one the cherished possessions of French preponderance on the Reparations Commission, the right of sanctions in the event of German default, the economic occupation of the Ruhr, the French-Belgian railway Rgie, and finally, the military occupation of the Ruhr within a year. She accepts everyone elses assumption that she is superior and is capable of both generosity and cruelty. The line included the following retractable turrets. Maureen is light-skinned and wealthy. You go around it. However, after France had failed to counter the German remilitarisation of the Rhineland, Belgiumthinking that France was not a reliable allyabrogated the treaty in 1936 and declared neutrality. By the time Germany invaded Poland in 1939, it was clear to French military leaders that they had greatly underestimated the speed and ruthless efficiency of the German blitzkrieg. My students love how organized the handouts are and enjoy tracking the themes as a class., Requesting a new guide requires a free LitCharts account. (one code per order). SparkNotes Plus subscription is $4.99/month or $24.99/year as selected above. [37][38], Julian Jackson highlighted one of the line's roles was to facilitate that strategy by "free[ing] manpower for offensive operations elsewhere and to protect the forces of manoeuvre"; the latter included a more mechanised and modernised military, which would advance into Belgium and engage the German main thrust flanking the line. Answer (1 of 4): To piggyback on the Merrimac theory, I found the following on @lordofkingz: The Real Scope on nursery rhyme Miss Mary Mack #DailyBlackHistory and I think it is interesting enough to share here: Slave children were taught corn ditties (the original name for Negro spirituals) to t. On 14 June 1940, the day Paris fell, the German 1st Army went over to the offensive in "Operation Tiger" and attacked the Maginot Line between St Avold and Saarbrcken. The elephant in the rhyme is said to be a reference to the original Republicans, party of Abraham Lincoln and abolitionism, jumping the fence, or crossing the Mason-Dixon Line, to help free the slaves. PDF downloads of all 1699 LitCharts literature guides, and of every new one we publish. [21] Reflecting memories of World War I, the French General Staff had developed the concept of la puissance du feu ("the power of fire"), the power of artillery dug in and sheltered by concrete and steel, to inflict devastating losses on an attacking force. They merely waited for a chance to launch a counterattack. Frieda is not given the chance to step gradually into her sexual identity; instead, this identity is forced upon her by an adult. While an understanding of the Line's creation is vital to any study of World War I, World War II, and the period in between, this knowledge is also helpful when interpreting a number of modern references. This was impossible elsewhere as the other parts of the line were located in civilian areas.[10]. "That's the part that fell apart for the Allies.". Pauline points out the hypocrisy of the woman, who says she's thinking of Pauline's future but won't give her the small sum she needs to pay the gas man. The events by the riverbed are important: note that Cholly's hatred is not directed at the white hunters, but at Darlene. Wed love to have you back! The World War II German invasion plan of 1940 (Sichelschnitt) was designed to deal with the line. Following the Munich Agreement and the German occupation of Czechoslovakia, the Germans were able to use the Czech fortifications to plan attacks that proved successful against the western fortifications (the Belgian Fort Eben-Emael is the best-known example). 3. Its construction created a false sense of security, which was widely believed by the French population. Of the roughly 8.5 million French soldiers mobilized in 1914 to fight Germany and the other Central Powers, more than 6 million became casualties, either killed, wounded or declared missing during four years of grueling trench warfare. 4. for a customized plan. Both of the girls think that being ruined means becoming fat like Marie, and believe that Poland and China aren't fat only because they drink whiskey. This passage foretells the sexual violence and oppression experienced by the female characters of The Bluest Eye. Renews March 8, 2023 Pecola, not knowing that the meat is poisoned, brings it to the dog. For the next 7 days, you'll have access to awesome PLUS stuff like AP English test prep, No Fear Shakespeare translations and audio, a note-taking tool, personalized dashboard, & much more! The line wasn't Maginot's idea alone, but he helped push the ambitious, multimillion-franc project through parliament. Feester: To worsen, especially due to lack of attention. ", "Opinion The difficult truths behind 'Dunkirk', The Maginot Line (French/English/German/Italian), Fortress of Schoenenbourg, (French/English/German/Italian), The U.S. Army vs. [26] Of French trade, 35 percent was with the British Empire and the majority of the tin, rubber, jute, wool and manganese used by France came from the British Empire. Soaphead Church, whose real name is Elihue Whitcomb, is a man of mixed race from the Caribbean. These anti-tank obstacles extended from end to end in front of the main works, over hundreds of kilometres, interrupted only by extremely dense forests, rivers, or other nearly impassable terrains. He lives in Macon, Georgia, and is short, balding, and mean. Get Annual Plans at a discount when you buy 2 or more! He rents from an old woman with a nasty, aging dog named Bob. [46] Historians have pointed to numerous reasons for the French defeat: faulty strategy and doctrine, dispersion of forces, the loss of command and control, poor communications, faulty intelligence that provided excessive German numbers, the slow nature of the French response to the German penetration of the Ardennes and a failure to understand the nature and speed of the German doctrine. If you don't see it, please check your spam folder. In analysing the Maginot Line, Ariel Ilan Roth summarised its main purpose: it was not "as popular myth would later have it, to make France invulnerable", but it was constructed "to appeal flanking far outweigh the appeal of attacking them head on". It breaks and the girls run away, scared. During the funeral, Cholly goes down to the river with a girl named Darlene. They could also be used as a local headquarters and counterattack base. They go to Pecolas house, but no one is home. Sometimes it can end up there. 6. 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